Adding the Endings ed, ing to Verbs......03

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Adding the Endings ed, ing to Verbs
The ending ED is added to regular verbs to form the simple past tense and the past participle. The ending ING is added to verbs to form the present participle and the gerund, which are the same in form (-ing form) but different in meaning and function.
The final vowel letter of the verb (E, Y) may change before adding ED or ING. The final consonant letter of the verb does not change when these endings are added (except C). In certain cases the final consonant letter is doubled when ED or ING is added.
Note: In this material, the ing-form is translated into Russian with the meaning of the present participle. Russian translation is approximate.
Pronunciation
The ending ED has three variants of pronunciation depending on the sound or letter after which it stands. (The mute letter E at the end of the word is not taken into consideration in this rule.)
After a voiceless consonant: [t] – baked, looked, lacked, jumped, stopped, laughed, puffed, passed, fixed, hatched, flashed.
After a voiced consonant or after a vowel: [d] – robbed, begged, saved, called, learned, occurred, boomed, bathed, judged, seized, played, lied, toed, studied, mowed, weighed.
After the letters "t, d": [id] – wanted, hated, started, counted, patted, added, needed, faded, folded.
Adding to final E
Rule: If the verb ends in the silent letter E, the letter E is usually dropped before adding ED or ING.
live – lived – living;
use – used – using;
dine – dined – dining;
hate – hated – hating;
name – named – naming;
move – moved – moving;
note – noted – noting;
care – cared – caring;
cure – cured – curing;
hire – hired – hiring;
bore – bored – boring;
notice – noticed – noticing;
manage – managed – managing;
judge – judged – judging;
breathe – breathed – breathing;
seize – seized – seizing;
argue – argued – arguing;
sue – sued – suing;
issue – issued – issuing.
Exceptions:
singe – singed – singeing;
toe – toed – toeing;
dye – dyed – dyeing.
Note: Verbs that end in EE have the following spelling patterns for adding ED or ING.
agree – agreed – agreeing;
free – freed – freeing;
see – seeing;
flee – fleeing.
Note: Verbs like TIE drop the final letter E before adding ED. Verbs like TIE drop the final letter E and change I to Y before adding ING.
lie – lied – lying;
die – died – dying;
tie – tied – tying;
vie – vied – vying.
Adding to final Y
Rule: If the final letter Y forms a syllable (Y stands alone after a consonant), Y changes to I before adding ED but doesn't change before adding ING.
cry – cried – crying;
try – tried – trying;
fry – fried – frying;
pry – pried – prying;
deny – denied – denying;
reply – replied – replying;
signify – signified – signifying;
copy – copied – copying;
study – studied – studying;
bury – buried – burying;
carry – carried – carrying;
worry – worried – worrying.
Rule: If the final letter Y doesn't form a syllable (Y stands after a vowel), Y doesn't change before adding ED or ING.
play – played – playing;
stay – stayed – staying;
delay – delayed – delaying;
betray – betrayed – betraying;
buy – buying;
toy – toyed – toying;
destroy – destroyed – destroying;
employ – employed – employing;
key – keyed – keying;
convey – conveyed – conveying.
Note: The other final vowel letters and the combinations "ow, aw, ew" do not change before adding ED or ING.
taxi – taxied – taxiing;
ski – skied – skiing;
veto – vetoed – vetoing;
radio – radioed – radioing;
moo – mooed – mooing;
show – showed – showing;
allow – allowed – allowing;
saw – sawed – sawing;
thaw – thawed – thawing;
sew – sewed – sewing.
Adding to final C
The final consonant letter C, usually in the suffix IC, is pronounced [k]. But the letter C is pronounced [s] before the vowel letters E, I. So, before adding ED or ING, final C changes to CK to keep the sound [k].
panic – panicked – panicking;
frolic – frolicked – frolicking;
picnic – picnicked – picnicking;
mimic – mimicked – mimicking;
traffic – trafficked – trafficking.
(Spelling and pronunciation rules for the letter C as [s] or [k] are given in Spelling Patterns for Consonants in the section Writing.)
Doubling the final consonant
Rule: The final single consonant letter that stands after a short stressed vowel sound represented by a single vowel letter in writing is doubled before adding ED or ING.
rob – robbed – robbing;
stop – stopped – stopping;
tap – tapped – tapping;
plan – planned – planning;
beg – begged – begging;
hum – hummed – humming;
rub – rubbed – rubbing;
pit – pitted – pitting;
permit – permitted – permitting;
regret – regretted – regretting.
Rare spelling:
rev, revved, revving – informal verb "to rev": to increase the speed of an engine sharply;
trek, trekked, trekking – to travel slowly or with difficulty, on foot or by ox wagon.
Rule: The final single consonant letter that stands after a short unstressed vowel sound represented by a single vowel letter in writing is not doubled before adding ED or ING.
open – opened – opening;
happen – happened – happening;
shorten – shortened – shortening;
exit – exited – exiting;
limit – limited – limiting;
visit – visited – visiting;
pocket – pocketed – pocketing;
budget – budgeted – budgeting;
cover – covered – covering;
answer – answered – answering;
offer – offered – offering;
focus – focused – focusing (BrE also: focussed, focussing).
Exceptions:
kidnap – kidnapped – kidnapping;
handicap – handicapped – handicapping;
worship – worshipped – worshipping (AmE also: worshiped, worshiping).
Rule: The final single consonant letter standing after a combination of vowel letters (stressed or unstressed long or short vowel sound or diphthong) is not doubled before adding ED or ING.
crawl – crawled – crawling;
treat – treated – treating;
heal – healed – healing;
conceal – concealed – concealing;
break – breaking;
shout – shouted – shouting;
group – grouped – grouping;
cool – cooled – cooling;
look – looked – looking;
complain – complained – complaining;
remain – remained – remaining;
diet – dieted – dieting;
fear – feared – fearing;
tour – toured – touring;
repair – repaired – repairing;
pour – poured – pouring;
roar – roared – roaring.
Rule: The final single consonant letter R that stands after the long stressed sound [a:], [o:], or [ə:] represented by a single vowel letter in writing is doubled before adding ED or ING.
scar – scarred – scarring;
star – starred – starring;
bar – barred – barring;
abhor – abhorred – abhorring;
occur – occurred – occurring;
blur – blurred – blurring;
stir – stirred – stirring;
refer – referred – referring;
prefer – preferred – preferring.
Final L
In British English, the final single consonant letter L is doubled before adding ED or ING regardless of whether the preceding single vowel letter represents a stressed or unstressed vowel sound. Final single L in British English may also be doubled before ED or ING after some combinations of vowel letters.
In American English, the final single consonant letter L after a short unstressed vowel sound represented by a single vowel letter is generally not doubled before adding ED or ING. But British spelling variants exist as secondary variants in American English. (See British and American Spelling in the section Writing.)
BrE / AmE: excel – excelled – excelling;
BrE / AmE: compel – compelled – compelling;
BrE / AmE: control – controlled – controlling;
BrE / AmE: parallel – paralleled – paralleling;
signal: BrE signalled, signalling; AmE signaled, signaling;
travel: BrE travelled, travelling; AmE traveled, traveling;
cancel: BrE cancelled, cancelling; AmE canceled, canceling;
equal: BrE equalled, equalling; AmE equaled, equaling;
dial: BrE dialled, dialling; AmE dialed, dialing;
initial: BrE initialled, initialling; AmE initialed, initialing.
Note: Not doubled
The final consonant combination is never doubled before adding ED or ING: bang, banged, banging; pack, packed, packing; wish, wished, wishing; attach, attached, attaching; stretch, stretched, stretching.
The final consonant letter that stands after another consonant is never doubled before adding ED or ING: mend, mended, mending; help, helped, helping; jump, jumped, jumping; act, acted, acting; curl, curled, curling; turn, turned, turning.
The final single consonant letter "x" is not doubled before adding ED or ING: fix, fixed, fixing; mix, mixed, mixing; box, boxed, boxing; vex, vexed, vexing; tax, taxed, taxing.












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